Ihe mkpuchi eji eme ihe na ngwaahịa waya na waya nwere echiche abụọ dị iche iche kpamkpam: ihe mkpuchi eletrọnịkị na ihe mkpuchi ubi eletrik. Emebere ihe mkpuchi eletrọnịkị iji gbochie waya ndị na-ebuga akara ugboro ugboro (dịka eriri RF na waya eletrọnịkị) ka ha ghara ịkpata nnyonye anya mpụga ma ọ bụ igbochi ebili mmiri eletrọnịkị mpụga ka ha ghara igbochi waya ndị na-ebuga ọkụ na-adịghị ike (dịka akara ma ọ bụ waya nha), yana iji belata mkparịta ụka n'etiti waya. Emebere ihe mkpuchi ubi eletrik iji dozie oghere eletrik siri ike na elu onye na-eduzi ma ọ bụ elu mkpuchi nke waya ike etiti na elu voltaji.
1. Nhazi na Ihe achọrọ nke Akwa mkpuchi ubi eletriki
Ihe mkpuchi nke waya ike gụnyere ihe mkpuchi ihe nduzi, ihe mkpuchi ihe mgbochi, na ihe mkpuchi ígwè. Dịka ụkpụrụ ndị dị mkpa si dị, waya ndị nwere voltaji ọkwa karịrị 0.6/1kV kwesịrị inwe ihe mkpuchi ígwè, nke enwere ike itinye na isi mkpuchi ọ bụla ma ọ bụ na isi eriri multi-core stranded. Maka waya ndị nwere XLPE nwere voltaji ọkwa nke na-erughị 3.6/6kV na eriri ndị nwere obere mkpuchi EPR nwere voltaji ọkwa nke na-erughị 3.6/6kV (ma ọ bụ waya ndị nwere nnukwu mkpuchi nwere voltaji ọkwa nke na-erughị 6/10kV), a chọkwara ihe owuwu nchebe semi-conductive dị n'ime na mpụta.
(1) Nchekwa na Nchekwa Ihe Mgbochi Onye Na-eduzi Ihe
Ihe mkpuchi onye na-eduzi ihe (ihe mkpuchi ọkara-eduzi ihe dị n'ime) kwesịrị ịbụ nke na-abụghị nke ígwè, nke nwere ihe semi-eduzi ihe a na-ewepụta ma ọ bụ teepu semi-eduzi ihe a na-ekechi gburugburu onye na-eduzi ihe ahụ, nke a na-esochikwa oyi akwa semi-eduzi ihe a na-ewepụta.
Ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi (ihe mkpuchi ọkara-ndugharị mpụta) bụ ihe mkpuchi ọkara-ndugharị na-abụghị ọla nke a na-ewepụta kpọmkwem n'elu mpụta nke isi mkpuchi ọ bụla, nke enwere ike ijikọ ya nke ọma ma ọ bụ wepụ ya site na mkpuchi ahụ. A ga-ejikọ akwa dị n'ime na mpụta nke semi-ndugharị ahụ nke a na-ewepụta na mkpuchi ahụ nke ọma, yana njikọ dị nro, enweghị akara eriri doro anya, na enweghị nsọtụ dị nkọ, obere ihe, akara ọkụ, ma ọ bụ ọkọ. Nguzogide tupu na mgbe ịka nká ekwesịghị ịgafe 1000 Ω·m maka oyi akwa nchekwa onye nduzi na 500 Ω·m maka oyi akwa nchekwa mkpuchi.
A na-eme ihe mkpuchi nke dị n'ime na nke dị n'èzí site na ịgwakọta ihe mkpuchi ndị kwekọrọ na ya (dịka polyethylene cross-linked, ethylene-propylene roba, wdg) na carbon black, antioxidants, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, na ihe mgbakwunye ndị ọzọ. A ga-agbasasị ihe ndị dị n'ime carbon black n'otu n'otu n'ime polymer ahụ, na-enweghị njikọta ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi na-adịghị mma.
Ọkpụrụkpụ nke ihe mkpuchi dị n'ime na nke dị n'èzí na-abawanye ka ọkwa voltaji si dị. Ebe ọ bụ na ike ọkụ eletrik dị n'ime na nke dị n'èzí dị elu karịa n'ime na nke dị ala, ọkpụrụkpụ nke ihe mkpuchi dị n'èzí kwesịrị ịdị ukwuu karịa n'ime karịa n'èzí. N'oge gara aga, a na-eme ka ihe mkpuchi dị n'èzí nke ọkara-conductive dịkwuo arọ karịa nke dị n'ime iji gbochie ọkọ n'ihi njikwa sag adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ntụpọ nke teepu ọla kọpa siri ike kpatara. Ugbu a, site na nlekota sag akpaka n'ịntanetị na teepu ọla kọpa dị nro annealed, a ga-eme ka ihe mkpuchi dị n'ime nke ọkara-conductive dịkwuo arọ ma ọ bụ hà nhata na oyi akwa mpụta. Maka eriri 6-10-35 kV, ọkpụrụkpụ oyi akwa dị n'ime na-abụkarị 0.5-0.6–0.8 mm.
(2) Ihe mkpuchi ọla
Eriri ndị nwere voltaji ọkwa karịrị 0.6/1kV kwesịrị inwe ihe mkpuchi ígwè. A ga-etinye ihe mkpuchi ígwè n'ime isi ma ọ bụ isi eriri ọ bụla a na-ekpuchighị ekpuchi. Ihe mkpuchi ígwè kwesịrị ịnwe otu ma ọ bụ karịa teepu ígwè, ihe mkpuchi ígwè, akwa waya ígwè ndị a na-ejikọta ọnụ, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke waya ígwè na teepu ígwè.
Na Yuropu na mba ndị ọzọ mepere emepe, n'ihi ojiji nke sistemụ sekit abụọ nke na-eguzogide nrụgide nwere oke ọkụ eletrik dị mkpụmkpụ, a na-ejikarị ihe mkpuchi waya ọla kọpa eme ihe. Ụfọdụ ndị nrụpụta na-etinye waya ọla kọpa n'ime sheath nkewa ma ọ bụ sheath mpụta iji belata dayameta eriri ahụ. Na China, ewezuga ụfọdụ ọrụ dị mkpa nke na-eji sistemụ sekit abụọ nke na-eguzogide nrụgide, ọtụtụ sistemụ na-eji ihe ọkụ eletrik nke na-egbochi nrụgide nke arc-suppression coil-grounded one-circuit, nke na-ebelata ọkụ eletrik dị mkpụmkpụ ruo obere, yabụ enwere ike iji ihe mkpuchi teepu ọla kọpa. Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta eriri na-ahazi teepu ọla kọpa siri ike azụrụ site na ibelata na annealing iji nweta ogologo na ike nrụgide ụfọdụ (ike siri ike ga-akpacha oyi akwa ihe mkpuchi ahụ, ọ ga-adị nro nke ukwuu) tupu ejiri ya. Teepu ọla kọpa dị nro kwesịrị ịgbaso GB/T11091-2005 Copper Tape maka Cables.
Ihe mkpuchi teepu ọla kọpa kwesịrị ịnwe otu oyi akwa nke teepu ọla kọpa dị nro nke ejiri ihe mkpuchi kpuchie ma ọ bụ oyi akwa abụọ nke teepu ọla kọpa dị nro nke nwere oghere. Nkezi ọnụego njikọta nke teepu ọla kọpa kwesịrị ịbụ 15% nke obosara ya (uru aha), na ọnụego njikọta kacha nta ekwesịghị ịbụ ihe na-erughị 5%. Oke ọkpụrụkpụ nke teepu ọla kọpa kwesịrị ịbụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala 0.12 mm maka eriri isi otu na ma ọ dịkarịa ala 0.10 mm maka eriri isi ọtụtụ. Oke ọkpụrụkpụ kacha nta nke teepu ọla kọpa ekwesịghị ịbụ ihe na-erughị 90% nke uru aha. Dabere na dayameta mpụta nke ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi (≤25 mm ma ọ bụ >25 mm), obosara teepu ọla kọpa na-abụkarị 30–35 mm.
A na-eji waya ọla kọpa dị nro nke nwere eriri helical eme ihe mkpuchi waya ọla kọpa, nke ejiri waya ọla kọpa ma ọ bụ teepu ọla kọpa kpuchie. Nguzogide ya kwesịrị iru ihe achọrọ nke GB/T3956-2008 Conductors of Cables, a ga-ekpebikwa mpaghara obe ya dịka ikike nsogbu si dị. Enwere ike itinye ihe mkpuchi waya ọla kọpa n'elu mkpuchi ime nke waya isi atọ ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem n'elu mkpuchi ahụ, oyi akwa mkpuchi semi-conductive mpụta, ma ọ bụ sheath dị n'ime nke waya isi otu kwesịrị ekwesị. Oghere nkezi dị n'etiti waya ọla kọpa dị nso ekwesịghị ịgafe 4 mm. A na-agbakọ oghere nkezi G site na iji usoro:
ebe:
D - dayameta nke eriri dị n'okpuru ihe mkpuchi waya ọla kọpa, na mm;
d - dayameta nke waya ọla kọpa, na mm;
n - ọnụọgụ nke waya ọla kọpa.
2. Ọrụ nke Ikpuchi Akwa na Mmekọrịta Ha na Ọkwa Voltaji
(1) Ọrụ nke Nchedo Ọkara-Ọdụ n'ime na Mpụta
A na-ejikarị waya dị iche iche adọkpụ waya ndị na-eduzi eriri. N'oge a na-etinye ihe mkpuchi, oghere, burrs, na nsogbu ndị ọzọ dị n'elu nwere ike ịdị n'etiti elu ihe na-eduzi na oyi akwa mkpuchi, na-akpata ntinye ọkụ eletrik, na-eduga na mwepụta oghere ikuku mpaghara na mwepụta osisi, na-ebelata arụmọrụ dielectric. Site n'itinye oyi akwa nke ihe na-eduzi semi-conductive (ihe nchebe conductor) n'elu elu ihe na-eduzi, ọ na-eme ka ọ dị mma na mkpuchi ahụ. N'ihi na oyi akwa semi-conductive na onye na-eduzi nwere otu ikike, ọbụlagodi na enwere oghere dị n'etiti ha, agaghị enwe ọrụ ubi eletrik, si otú a na-egbochi mwepụta akụkụ.
N'otu aka ahụ, enwere oghere dị n'etiti elu mkpuchi mpụta na mkpuchi ígwè (ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi ígwè), ebe ọkwa voltaji dị elu, otú ahụ ka ọ ga-esi kwe omume na mwepụta oghere ikuku ga-apụta. Site n'itinye oyi akwa semi-conductive (ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi) n'elu mkpuchi mpụta, a na-emepụta elu ihe eji arụ ọrụ mpụta na mkpuchi ígwè, na-ewepụ oghere eletrik n'ime oghere ndị ahụ ma na-egbochi mwepụta akụkụ.
(2) Ọrụ nke Nchedo Ọla
Ọrụ nke ihe mkpuchi ígwè gụnyere: ibu ọkụ eletrik n'okpuru ọnọdụ nkịtị, ije ozi dị ka ụzọ maka ọkụ eletrik dị mkpụmkpụ n'oge nsogbu; igbochi ọkụ eletrik n'ime mkpuchi ahụ (ibelata nnyonye anya electromagnetic mpụga) na ijide n'aka na ọkụ eletrik radial dị otu; ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ahịrị na-anọpụ iche na sistemụ waya anọ nke usoro atọ iji buru ọkụ eletrik na-enweghị nhazi; na inye nchebe mgbochi mmiri radial.
Oge ozi: Julaị-28-2025